What is Cloud computing Security ?

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHH7b8IK4xY1d-u4XBSa4QX_BhrVDJnMbw1BFul_hgG5ot49eG6fslgk1J_sUuOdhjcj1L0be605jTw6Uz3j1GDx2XM7aT1h-pGZRo_FqEaVSse9ywOBSaYz95LIzMdCOVaSZ6BJgtGXe7/s1600/As-data-volumes-and-technological-resources-expand-cloud-storage-is-quickly-becoming-the-norm_1565_593917_0_14091055_500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHH7b8IK4xY1d-u4XBSa4QX_BhrVDJnMbw1BFul_hgG5ot49eG6fslgk1J_sUuOdhjcj1L0be605jTw6Uz3j1GDx2XM7aT1h-pGZRo_FqEaVSse9ywOBSaYz95LIzMdCOVaSZ6BJgtGXe7/s320/As-data-volumes-and-technological-resources-expand-cloud-storage-is-quickly-becoming-the-norm_1565_593917_0_14091055_500.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>For cloud-hosted security software, see Security as a service.</i></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <b style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Cloud computing security</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> or, more simply, </span></span><b style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">cloud security</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> i</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;">s an evolving sub-domain of computer security, network security, and, more broadly, information security. It refers to a broad set of policies, technologies, and controls deployed to protect data, applications, and the associated infrastructure of cloud computing.</span></span></div> <h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Security_issues_associated_with_the_cloud">Security issues associated with the cloud</span></h2> <div> <span class="mw-headline"><div> Cloud computing and storage solutions provide users and enterprises with various capabilities to store and process their data in third-party data centers.[1] Organizations use the Cloud in a variety of different service models (SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS) and deployment models (Private, Public, Hybrid, and Community).[2] There are a number of security concerns associated with cloud computing. These issues fall into two broad categories: security issues faced by cloud providers (organizations providing software-, platform-, or infrastructure-as-a-service via the cloud) and security issues faced by their customers (companies or organizations who host applications or store data on the cloud).[3] The responsibility is shared, however. The provider must ensure that their infrastructure is secure and that their clients’ data and applications are protected while the user must take measures to fortify their application and use strong passwords and authentication measures.</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> When an organization elects to store data or host applications on the public cloud, it loses its ability to have physical access to the servers hosting its information. As a result, potentially sensitive data is at risk from insider attacks. According to a recent Cloud Security Alliance Report, insider attacks are the third biggest threat in cloud computing.[4] Therefore, Cloud Service providers must ensure that thorough background checks are conducted for employees who have physical access to the servers in the data center. Additionally, data centers must be frequently monitored for suspicious activity.</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> In order to conserve resources, cut costs, and maintain efficiency, Cloud Service Providers often store more than one customer's data on the same server. As a result, there is a chance that one user's private data can be viewed by other users (possibly even competitors). To handle such sensitive situations, cloud service providers should ensure proper data isolation and logical storage segregation.[2]</div> <div> <br /></div> <div> The extensive use of virtualization in implementing cloud infrastructure brings unique security concerns for customers or tenants of a public cloud service.[5] Virtualization alters the relationship between the OS and underlying hardware - be it computing, storage or even networking. This introduces an additional layer - virtualization - that itself must be properly configured, managed and secured.[6] Specific concerns include the potential to compromise the virtualization software, or "hypervisor". While these concerns are largely theoretical, they do exist.[7] For example, a breach in the administrator workstation with the management software of the virtualization software can cause the whole datacenter to go down or be reconfigured to an attacker's liking.</div> <div> <h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cloud_security_controls">Cloud security controls</span></h2> </div> <div> <span class="mw-headline"><div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Cloud security architecture is effective only if the correct defensive implementations are in place. An efficient cloud security architecture should recognize the issues that will arise with security management. The security management addresses these issues with security controls. These controls are put in place to safeguard any weaknesses in the system and reduce the effect of an attack. While there are many types of controls behind a cloud security architecture, they can usually be found in one of the following categories:</div> <dl style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"> <dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Deterrent controls</dt> <dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">These controls are intended to reduce attacks on a cloud system. Much like a warning sign on a fence or a property, deterrent controls typically reduce the threat level by informing potential attackers that there will be adverse consequences for them if they proceed. (Some consider them a subset of preventive controls.)</dd></dl> <dl style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"> <dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Preventive controls</dt> <dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Preventive controls strengthen the system against incidents, generally by reducing if not actually eliminating vulnerabilities. Strong authentication of cloud users, for instance, makes it less likely that unauthorized users can access cloud systems, and more likely that cloud users are positively identified.</dd></dl> <dl style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"> <dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Detective controls</dt> <dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Detective controls are intended to detect and react appropriately to any incidents that occur. In the event of an attack, a detective control will signal the preventative or corrective controls to address the issue. System and network security monitoring, including intrusion detection and prevention arrangements, are typically employed to detect attacks on cloud systems and the supporting communications infrastructure.</dd></dl> <dl style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"> <dt style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Corrective controls</dt> <dd style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Corrective controls reduce the consequences of an incident, normally by limiting the damage. They come into effect during or after an incident. Restoring system backups in order to rebuild a compromised system is an example of a corrective control.</dd><dd style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Dimensions_of_cloud_security">Dimensions of cloud security</span></h2> </dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><div> <span class="mw-headline" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;">It is generally recommended that information security controls be selected and implemented according and in proportion to the risks, typically by assessing the threats, vulnerabilities and impacts. Cloud security concerns can be grouped in various ways; Gartner named seven[9] while the Cloud Security Alliance identified fourteen areas of concern.[10][11] Cloud Application Security Brokers (CASB) are used to add additional security to cloud services.[12]</span></span></div> </dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><div> <span class="mw-headline" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Security_and_privacy">Security and privacy</span></h2> <dl style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"></dl> </span></div> </dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline"></span></dd> <dt style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Identity management </dt> <dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Every enterprise will have its own identity management system to control access to information and computing resources. Cloud providers either integrate the customer’s identity management system into their own infrastructure, using federation or SSO technology, or a biometric-based identification system,[1] or provide an identity management solution of their own.[13] CloudID,[1] for instance, provides a privacy-preserving cloud-based and cross-enterprise biometric identification solutions for this problem. It links the confidential information of the users to their biometrics and stores it in an encrypted fashion. Making use of a searchable encryption technique, biometric identification is performed in encrypted domain to make sure that the cloud provider or potential attackers do not gain access to any sensitive data or even the contents of the individual queries.[1]</span></span></dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"></dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"> <dl style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"> <dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Physical security </dt> <dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Cloud service providers physically secure the IT hardware (servers, routers, cables etc.) against unauthorized access, interference, theft, fires, floods etc. and ensure that essential supplies (such as electricity) are sufficiently robust to minimize the possibility of disruption. This is normally achieved by serving cloud applications from 'world-class' (i.e. professionally specified, designed, constructed, managed, monitored and maintained) data centers.</dd></dl> <dl style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"> <dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Personnel security </dt> <dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Various information security concerns relating to the IT and other professionals associated with cloud services are typically handled through pre-, para- and post-employment activities such as security screening potential recruits, security awareness and training programs, proactive</dd> <dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Privacy </dt> <dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Providers ensure that all critical data (credit card numbers, for example) are masked or encrypted and that only authorized users have access to data in its entirety. Moreover, digital identities and credentials must be protected as should any data that the provider collects or produces about customer activity in the cloud</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Data_security">Data security</span></h2> </dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><div> <span class="mw-headline"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">There are a number of security threats associated with cloud data services, not only covering traditional security threats, e.g., network eavesdropping, illegal invasion, and denial of service attacks, but also including specific cloud computing threats, e.g., side channel attacks, virtualization vulnerabilities, and abuse of cloud services. To throttle the threats the following security requirements are to be met in a cloud data service.</span></span></div> </dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><div> <span class="mw-headline"><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Data_Confidentiality">Data Confidentiality</span></h3> </span></div> </dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><div> <span class="mw-headline"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Data confidentiality is the property that data contents are not made available or disclosed to illegal users. Outsourced data is stored in a cloud and out of the owners' direct control. Only authorized users can access the sensitive data while others, including CSPs, should not gain any information of the data. Meanwhile, data owners expect to fully utilize cloud data services, e.g., data search, data computation, and data sharing, without the leakage of the data contents to CSPs or other adversaries.</span></span></div> </dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><div> <span class="mw-headline"><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Data_Access_Controllability">Data Access Controllability</span></h3> </span></div> </dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><div> <span class="mw-headline"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Access controllability means that a data owner can perform the selective restriction of access to his data outsourced to cloud. Legal users can be authorized by the owner to access the data, while others can not access it without permissions. Further, it is desirable to enforce fine-grained access control to the outsourced data, i.e., different users should be granted different access privileges with regard to different data pieces. The access authorization must be controlled only by the owner in untrusted cloud environments.</span></span></div> </dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><div> <span class="mw-headline"><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Data_Integrity">Data Integrity</span></h3> </span></div> </dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><div> <span class="mw-headline"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Data integrity demands maintaining and assuring the accuracy and completeness of data. A data owner always expects that his data in a cloud can be stored correctly and trustworthily. It means that the data should not be illegally tampered, improperly modified, deliberately deleted, or maliciously fabricated. If any undesirable operations corrupt or delete the data, the owner should be able to detect the corruption or loss. Further, when a portion of the outsourced data is corrupted or lost, it can still be retrieved by the data users.</span></span></div> </dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><div> <span class="mw-headline"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Effective_encryption">Effective encryption</span></h2> <div style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Some advanced encryption algorithms which have been applied into the cloud computing increase the protection of privacy.</div> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Attribute-Based_Encryption_Algorithm">Attribute-Based Encryption Algorithm</span></h3> <h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Ciphertext-policy_ABE_.28CP-ABE.29">Ciphertext-policy ABE (CP-ABE)</span></h4> <div style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> In the CP-ABE, the encryptor controls access strategy, as the strategy gets more complex, the design of system public key becomes more complex, and the security of the system is proved to be more difficult. The main research work of CP-ABE is focused on the design of the access structure.</div> <h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Key-policy_ABE_.28KP-ABE.29">Key-policy ABE (KP-ABE)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></h4> <div style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> In the KP-ABE, attribute sets are used to explain the encrypted texts and the private keys with the specified encrypted texts that users will have the left to decrypt.</div> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Fully_homomorphic_encryption_.28FHE.29">Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE)</span></h3> <div style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Fully Homomorphic encryption allows straightforward computations on encrypted information, and also allows computing sum and product for the encrypted data without decryption.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing_security#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[17]</a></sup></div> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Searchable_Encryption_.28SE.29">Searchable Encryption (SE)</span></h3> <div style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Searchable Encryption is a cryptographic primitive which offers secure search functions over encrypted data. In order to improve search efficiency, an SE solution generally builds keyword indexes to securely perform user queries. Existing SE schemes can be classified into two categories: SE based on secret-key cryptography and SE based on public-key cryptography.</div> </span></div> </dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Compliance">Compliance</span></h2> <div style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Numerous laws and regulations pertain to the storage and use of data. In the US these include privacy or data protection laws, Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard(PCI DSS), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (FISMA), andChildren's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998, among others.</div> <div style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Similar laws may apply in different legal jurisdictions and may differ quite markedly from those enforced in the US. Cloud service users may often need to be aware of the legal and regulatory differences between the jurisdictions. For example, data stored by a Cloud Service Provider may be located in, say, Singapore and mirrored in the US.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing_security#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[</a></sup></div> <div style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Many of these regulations mandate particular controls (such as strong access controls and audit trails) and require regular reporting. Cloud customers must ensure that their cloud providers adequately fulfil such requirements as appropriate, enabling them to comply with their obligations since, to a large extent, they remain accountable.</div> <dl style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"> <dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Business continuity and data recovery</dt> <dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Cloud providers have business continuity and data recovery plans in place to ensure that service can be maintained in case of a disaster or an emergency and that any data loss will be recovered. These plans may be shared with and reviewed by their customers, ideally dovetailing with the customers' own continuity arrangements. Joint continuity exercises may be appropriate, simulating a major Internet or electricity supply failure for instance.</dd></dl> <dl style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"> <dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Logs and audit trails</dt> <dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">In addition to producing logs and audit trails, cloud providers work with their customers to ensure that these logs and audit trails are properly secured, maintained for as long as the customer requires, and are accessible for the purposes of forensic investigation (e.g., eDiscovery).</dd></dl> <dl style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"> <dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Unique compliance requirements</dt> <dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">In addition to the requirements to which customers are subject, the data centers used by cloud providers may also be subject to compliance requirements. Using a cloud service provider (CSP) can lead to additional security concerns around data jurisdiction since customer or tenant data may not remain on the same system, or in the same data center or even within the same provider's cloud.</dd></dl> <h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_and_contractual_issues">Legal and contractual issues</span></h2> <div style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Aside from the security and compliance issues enumerated above, cloud providers and their customers will negotiate terms around liability (stipulating how incidents involving data loss or compromise will be resolved, for example), intellectual property, and end-of-service (when data and applications are ultimately returned to the customer). In addition, there are considerations for acquiring data from the cloud that may be involved in litigation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-adams_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing_security#cite_note-adams-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[21]</a></sup> These issues are discussed in Service-Level Agreements (SLA).</div> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Public_records">Public records</span></h3> <div style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Legal issues may also include records-keeping requirements in the public sector, where many agencies are required by law to retain and make available electronic records in a specific fashion. This may be determined by legislation, or law may require agencies to conform to the rules and practices set by a records-keeping agency. Public agencies using cloud computing and storage must take these concerns into account.</div> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> </span></div> </span></div>

What is Cloud computing Security ?

For cloud-hosted security software, see Security as a service. Cloud computing security  or, more simply,  cloud security  i s an evolv...

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what is Cloud computing?

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTneXf1lbNM8ZOlFCAbNJgq-AiUbKjJNk8rtB4ihoAVl_7D_aL1OBbcl0zQMBhtBcfMlZBVlUYMNzxikCksdI9gT1qWCFESBVb7WF_RP2MADpYBgdrLhhwXYxrPm8__zwpaKYXR9L7HdmB/s1600/Cloud_computing.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTneXf1lbNM8ZOlFCAbNJgq-AiUbKjJNk8rtB4ihoAVl_7D_aL1OBbcl0zQMBhtBcfMlZBVlUYMNzxikCksdI9gT1qWCFESBVb7WF_RP2MADpYBgdrLhhwXYxrPm8__zwpaKYXR9L7HdmB/s320/Cloud_computing.svg.png" width="320" /></a></div> <b>Cloud computing </b>is a kind of Internet-based computing that provides shared processing resources and data to computers and other devices on demand. It is a model for enabling ubiquitous, on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications and services),[1][2] which can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort. Cloud computing and storage solutions provide users and enterprises with various capabilities to store and process their data in third-party data centers.[3] It relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economy of scale, similar to a utility (like the electricity grid) over a network.<br /> <br /> Advocates claim that cloud computing allows companies to avoid upfront infrastructure costs, and focus on projects that differentiate their businesses instead of on infrastructure.[4] Proponents also claim that cloud computing allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and enables IT to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable business demand.[4][5][6] Cloud providers typically use a "pay as you go" model. This will lead to unexpectedly high charges if administrators do not adapt to the cloud pricing model.[7]<br /> <br /> The present availability of high-capacity networks, low-cost computers and storage devices as well as the widespread adoption of hardware virtualization, service-oriented architecture, and autonomic and utility computing have led to a growth in cloud computing.[8][9][10] Companies can scale up as computing needs increase and then scale down again as demands decrease.<br /> <br /> Cloud computing has become a highly demanded service or utility due to the advantages of high computing power, cheap cost of services, high performance, scalability, accessibility as well as availability. Some cloud vendors are experiencing growth rates of 50% per year,[11] but being still in a stage of infancy, it has pitfalls that need to be addressed to make cloud computing services more reliable and user friendly.[12][13]<br /> <br /> The 1990s<br /> In the 1990s, telecommunications companies, who previously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offering virtual private network (VPN) services with comparable quality of service, but at a lower cost. By switching traffic as they saw fit to balance server use, they could use overall network bandwidth more effectively.[citation needed] They began to use the cloud symbol to denote the demarcation point between what the provider was responsible for and what users were responsible for. Cloud computing extended this boundary to cover all servers as well as the network infrastructure.[22]<br /> <br /> As computers became more diffused, scientists and technologists explored ways to make large-scale computing power available to more users through time-sharing.[citation needed] They experimented with algorithms to optimize the infrastructure, platform, and applications to prioritize CPUs and increase efficiency for end users.[23]<br /> <br /> 2000s<br /> Since 2000, cloud computing has come into existence. In early 2008, NASA's OpenNebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds.[24] In the same year, efforts were focused on providing quality of service guarantees (as required by real-time interactive applications) to cloud-based infrastructures, in the framework of the IRMOS European Commission-funded project, resulting in a real-time cloud environment.[25][26] By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them"[27] and observed that "organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to computing ... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas."[28]<br /> <br /> In August 2006 Amazon introduced its Elastic Compute Cloud.[20] Microsoft Azure was announced as "Azure" in October 2008 and was released on 1 February 2010 as Windows Azure, before being renamed to Microsoft Azure on 25 March 2014.[29] For a time, Azure was on the TOP500 supercomputer list, before it dropped off it.[30]<br /> <br /> In July 2010, Rackspace Hosting and NASA jointly launched an open-source cloud-software initiative known as OpenStack. The OpenStack project intended to help organizations offering cloud-computing services running on standard hardware. The early code came from NASA's Nebula platform as well as from Rackspace's Cloud Files platform.<br /> <br /> On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the IBM SmartCloud framework to support Smarter Planet.[31] Among the various components of the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud computing is a critical part.<br /> <br /> On June 7, 2012, Oracle announced the Oracle Cloud.[32] While aspects of the Oracle Cloud are still in development, this cloud offering is poised to be the first to provide users with access to an integrated set of IT solutions, including the Applications (SaaS), Platform (PaaS), and Infrastructure (IaaS) layers.[33][34][35]<br /> <br /> Similar concepts<br /> Cloud computing is the result of the evolution and adoption of existing technologies and paradigms. The goal of cloud computing is to allow users to take benefit from all of these technologies, without the need for deep knowledge about or expertise with each one of them. The cloud aims to cut costs, and helps the users focus on their core business instead of being impeded by IT obstacles.[36]<br /> <br /> The main enabling technology for cloud computing is virtualization. Virtualization software separates a physical computing device into one or more "virtual" devices, each of which can be easily used and managed to perform computing tasks. With operating system–level virtualization essentially creating a scalable system of multiple independent computing devices, idle computing resources can be allocated and used more efficiently. Virtualization provides the agility required to speed up IT operations, and reduces cost by increasing infrastructure utilization. Autonomic computing automates the process through which the user can provision resources on-demand. By minimizing user involvement, automation speeds up the process, reduces labor costs and reduces the possibility of human errors.[36]<br /> <br /> Users routinely face difficult business problems. Cloud computing adopts concepts from Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) that can help the user break these problems into services that can be integrated to provide a solution. Cloud computing provides all of its resources as services, and makes use of the well-established standards and best practices gained in the domain of SOA to allow global and easy access to cloud services in a standardized way.<br /> <br /> Cloud computing also leverages concepts from utility computing to provide metrics for the services used. Such metrics are at the core of the public cloud pay-per-use models. In addition, measured services are an essential part of the feedback loop in autonomic computing, allowing services to scale on-demand and to perform automatic failure recovery.<br /> <br /> Cloud computing is a kind of grid computing; it has evolved by addressing the QoS (quality of service) and reliability problems. Cloud computing provides the tools and technologies to build data/compute intensive parallel applications with much more affordable prices compared to traditional parallel computing techniques.[36]<br /> <br /> Cloud computing shares characteristics with:<br /> <br /> Client–server model—Client–server computing refers broadly to any distributed application that distinguishes between service providers (servers) and service requestors (clients).[37]<br /> Grid computing—"A form of distributed and parallel computing, whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely coupled computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks."<br /> Fog computing—Distributed computing paradigm that provides data, compute, storage and application services closer to client or near-user edge devices, such as network routers. Furthermore, fog computing handles data at the network level, on smart devices and on the end-user client side (e.g. mobile devices), instead of sending data to a remote location for processing.<br /> Dew computing—In the existing computing hierarchy, the Dew computing is positioned as the ground level for the cloud and fog computing paradigms. Compared to fog computing, which supports emerging IoT applications that demand real-time and predictable latency and the dynamic network reconfigurability, Dew computing pushes the frontiers to computing applications, data, and low level services away from centralized virtual nodes to the end users.[38]<br /> Mainframe computer—Powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as: census; industry and consumer statistics; police and secret intelligence services; enterprise resource planning; and financial transaction processing.<br /> Utility computing—The "packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity."[39][40]<br /> Peer-to-peer—A distributed architecture without the need for central coordination. Participants are both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the traditional client–server model).<br /> Green computing<br /> Characteristics<br /> Cloud computing exhibits the following key characteristics:<br /> <br /> Agility improves with users' ability to re-provision technological infrastructure resources.<br /> Cost reductions claimed by cloud providers. A public-cloud delivery model converts capital expenditure to operational expenditure.[41] This purportedly lowers barriers to entry, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third party and need not be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-grained, with usage-based options and fewer IT skills are required for implementation (in-house).[42] The e-FISCAL project's state-of-the-art repository[43] contains several articles looking into cost aspects in more detail, most of them concluding that costs savings depend on the type of activities supported and the type of infrastructure available in-house.<br /> Device and location independence[44] enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they use (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.[42]<br /> Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to be installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from different places.<br /> Multitenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for:<br /> centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)<br /> peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest possible load-levels)<br /> utilisation and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10–20% utilised.[45][46]<br /> Performance is monitored, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed using web services as the system interface.[42][47][48]<br /> Productivity may be increased when multiple users can work on the same data simultaneously, rather than waiting for it to be saved and emailed. Time may be saved as information does not need to be re-entered when fields are matched, nor do users need to install application software upgrades to their computer.[49]<br /> Reliability improves with the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes well-designed cloud computing suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery.[50]<br /> Scalability and elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, self-service basis in near real-time[51][52] (Note, the VM startup time varies by VM type, location, OS and cloud providers[51]), without users having to engineer for peak loads.[53][54][55] This gives the ability to scale up when the usage need increases or down if resources are not being used.[56]<br /> Security can improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored kernels. Security is often as good as or better than other traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford to tackle.[57] However, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area or over a greater number of devices, as well as in multi-tenant systems shared by unrelated users. In addition, user access to security audit logs may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users' desire to retain control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security.<br /> The National Institute of Standards and Technology's definition of cloud computing identifies "five essential characteristics":<br /> <br /> On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.<br /> <br /> Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).<br /> <br /> Resource pooling. The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand.<br /> <br /> Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.<br /> <br /> Measured service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.<br /> — National Institute of Standards and Technology[58]<br /> <br /> <br /> <b>Service models</b><br /> Though service-oriented architecture advocates "everything as a service" (with the acronyms EaaS or XaaS or simply aas),[59] cloud-computing providers offer their "services" according to different models,[58][60][need quotation to verify] which happen to form a stack: infrastructure-, platform- and software-as-a-service.[61]<br /> <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsS4IYeJLFrbFLY_rO4EYtSHVPAA5jPlWj-ovIuasmyhEcGcj50FH88AQ-cpQgaitQ-Km0Swd6VYnVO7YvFJlQaI9kAdCCr47Tw7iYF5L-3klvuv2Ga0lNgTkjwMebYS974pSeiMG8erMB/s1600/300px-Cloud_computing_layers.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsS4IYeJLFrbFLY_rO4EYtSHVPAA5jPlWj-ovIuasmyhEcGcj50FH88AQ-cpQgaitQ-Km0Swd6VYnVO7YvFJlQaI9kAdCCr47Tw7iYF5L-3klvuv2Ga0lNgTkjwMebYS974pSeiMG8erMB/s1600/300px-Cloud_computing_layers.png" /></a></div> Cloud-computing layers accessible within a stack<br /> Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)<br /> See also: Category:Cloud infrastructure<br /> According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the most basic cloud-service model is that of providers offering computing infrastructure – virtual machines and other resources – as a service to subscribers. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) refers to online services that abstract the user from the details of infrastructure like physical computing resources, location, data partitioning, scaling, security, backup etc. A hypervisor, such as Xen, Oracle VirtualBox, Oracle VM, KVM, VMware ESX/ESXi, or Hyper-V, runs the virtual machines as guests. Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational system can support large numbers of virtual machines and the ability to scale services up and down according to customers' varying requirements. Linux containers run in isolated partitions of a single Linux kernel running directly on the physical hardware. Linux cgroups and namespaces are the underlying Linux kernel technologies used to isolate, secure and manage the containers. Containerisation offers higher performance than virtualization, because there is no hypervisor overhead. Also, container capacity auto-scales dynamically with computing load, which eliminates the problem of over-provisioning and enables usage-based billing.[62] IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as a virtual-machine disk-image library, raw block storage, file or object storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, virtual local area networks (VLANs), and software bundles.[63] IaaS-cloud providers supply these resources on-demand from their large pools of equipment installed in data centers. For wide-area connectivity, customers can use either the Internet or carrier clouds (dedicated virtual private networks).<br /> <br /> To deploy their applications, cloud users install operating-system images and their application software on the cloud infrastructure.[64][unreliable source?] In this model, the cloud user patches and maintains the operating systems and the application software. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing basis: cost reflects the amount of resources allocated and consumed.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <b>Platform as a service (PaaS)</b><br /> Main article: Platform as a service<br /> See also: Category:Cloud platforms<br /> PaaS vendors offer a development environment to application developers. The provider typically develops toolkit and standards for development and channels for distribution and payment. In the PaaS models, cloud providers deliver a computing platform, typically including operating system, programming-language execution environment, database, and web server. Application developers can develop and run their software solutions on a cloud platform without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. With some PaaS offers like Microsoft Azure and Google App Engine, the underlying computer and storage resources scale automatically to match application demand so that the cloud user does not have to allocate resources manually. The latter has also been proposed by an architecture aiming to facilitate real-time in cloud environments.[69][need quotation to verify] Even more specific application types can be provided via PaaS, such as media encoding as provided by services like bitcodin.com[70] or media.io.[71]<br /> <br /> Some integration and data management providers have also embraced specialized applications of PaaS as delivery models for data solutions. Examples include iPaaS and dPaaS. iPaaS (Integration Platform as a Service) enables customers to develop, execute and govern integration flows.[72] Under the iPaaS integration model, customers drive the development and deployment of integrations without installing or managing any hardware or middleware.[73] dPaaS (Data Platform as a Service) delivers integration—and data-management—products as a fully managed service.[74] Under the dPaaS model, the PaaS provider, not the customer, manages the development and execution of data solutions by building tailored data applications for the customer. dPaaS users retain transparency and control over data through data-visualization tools.[75]<br /> <br /> Platform as a Service (PaaS) consumers do not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but have control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.<br /> <br /> <b>Software as a service (SaaS)</b><br /> Main article: Software as a service<br /> In the software as a service (SaaS) model, users gain access to application software and databases. Cloud providers manage the infrastructure and platforms that run the applications. SaaS is sometimes referred to as "on-demand software" and is usually priced on a pay-per-use basis or using a subscription fee.[citation needed]<br /> <br /> In the SaaS model, cloud providers install and operate application software in the cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud clients. Cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform where the application runs. This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the cloud user's own computers, which simplifies maintenance and support. Cloud applications differ from other applications in their scalability—which can be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet changing work demand.[76] Load balancers distribute the work over the set of virtual machines. This process is transparent to the cloud user, who sees only a single access-point. To accommodate a large number of cloud users, cloud applications can be multitenant, meaning that any machine may serve more than one cloud-user organization.<br /> <br /> The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user,[77] so prices become scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point.[78]<br /> <br /> Proponents claim that SaaS gives a business the potential to reduce IT operational costs by outsourcing hardware and software maintenance and support to the cloud provider. This enables the business to reallocate IT operations costs away from hardware/software spending and from personnel expenses, towards meeting other goals. In addition, with applications hosted centrally, updates can be released without the need for users to install new software. One drawback of SaaS comes with storing the users' data on the cloud provider's server. As a result,[citation needed] there could be unauthorized access to the data. For this reason, users are increasingly[quantify] adopting intelligent third-party key-management systems to help secure their data.[citation needed]<br /> <br /> <br /> <h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cloud_clients">Cloud clients</span></h2> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>See also: Category:Cloud clients and Cloud API</i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>Users access cloud computing using networked client devices, such as desktop computers, laptops, tablets and smartphones and any Ethernet enabled device such as Home Automation Gadgets. Some of these devices—cloud clients—rely on cloud computing for all or a majority of their applications so as to be essentially useless without it. Examples are thin clients and the browser-based Chromebook. Many cloud applications do not require specific software on the client and instead use a web browser to interact with the cloud application. With Ajax and HTML5 these Web user interfaces can achieve a similar, or even better, look and feel to native applications. Some cloud applications, however, support specific client software dedicated to these applications (e.g., virtual desktop clients and most email clients). Some legacy applications (line of business applications that until now have been prevalent in thin client computing) are delivered via a screen-sharing technology.</i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <br /></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Deployment_models">Deployment models</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #252525; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 397px;"> <a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cloud_computing_types.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="484" data-file-width="818" height="234" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cloud_computing_types.svg/395px-Cloud_computing_types.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cloud_computing_types.svg/593px-Cloud_computing_types.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cloud_computing_types.svg/790px-Cloud_computing_types.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="395" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"> <a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cloud_computing_types.svg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Cloud computing types</div> </div> </div> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Private_cloud">Private cloud</span></h3> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Private cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third-party, and hosted either internally or externally.[58] Undertaking a private cloud project requires a significant level and degree of engagement to virtualize the business environment, and requires the organization to reevaluate decisions about existing resources. When done right, it can improve business, but every step in the project raises security issues that must be addressed to prevent serious vulnerabilities. Self-run data centers[79] are generally capital intensive. They have a significant physical footprint, requiring allocations of space, hardware, and environmental controls. These assets have to be refreshed periodically, resulting in additional capital expenditures. They have attracted criticism because users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and thus do not benefit from less hands-on management,[80] essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept".[81][82]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Public_cloud">Public cloud</span></h3> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">A cloud is called a "public cloud" when the services are rendered over a network that is open for public use. Public cloud services may be free.[83] Technically there may be little or no difference between public and private cloud architecture, however, security consideration may be substantially different for services (applications, storage, and other resources) that are made available by a service provider for a public audience and when communication is effected over a non-trusted network. Generally, public cloud service providers like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft and Google own and operate the infrastructure at their data center and access is generally via the Internet. AWS and Microsoft also offer direct connect services called "AWS Direct Connect" and "Azure ExpressRoute" respectively, such connections require customers to purchase or lease a private connection to a peering point offered by the cloud provider.[42]</span></span></div> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hybrid_cloud">Hybrid cloud</span></h3> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community or public) that remain distinct entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. Hybrid cloud can also mean the ability to connect collocation, managed and/or dedicated services with cloud resources.[58]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Gartner, Inc. defines a hybrid cloud service as a cloud computing service that is composed of some combination of private, public and community cloud services, from different service providers.[84] A hybrid cloud service crosses isolation and provider boundaries so that it can't be simply put in one category of private, public, or community cloud service. It allows one to extend either the capacity or the capability of a cloud service, by aggregation, integration or customization with another cloud service.</span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Varied use cases for hybrid cloud composition exist. For example, an organization may store sensitive client data in house on a private cloud application, but interconnect that application to a business intelligence application provided on a public cloud as a software service.[85] This example of hybrid cloud extends the capabilities of the enterprise to deliver a specific business service through the addition of externally available public cloud services. Hybrid cloud adoption depends on a number of factors such as data security and compliance requirements, level of control needed over data, and the applications an organization uses.[86]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Another example of hybrid cloud is one where IT organizations use public cloud computing resources to meet temporary capacity needs that can not be met by the private cloud.[87] This capability enables hybrid clouds to employ cloud bursting for scaling across clouds.[58] Cloud bursting is an application deployment model in which an application runs in a private cloud or data center and "bursts" to a public cloud when the demand for computing capacity increases. A primary advantage of cloud bursting and a hybrid cloud model is that an organization only pays for extra compute resources when they are needed.[88] Cloud bursting enables data centers to create an in-house IT infrastructure that supports average workloads, and use cloud resources from public or private clouds, during spikes in processing demands.[89]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">The specialized model of hybrid cloud, which is built atop heterogeneous hardware, is called "Cross-platform Hybrid Cloud". A cross-platform hybrid cloud is usually powered by different CPU architectures, for example, x86-64 and ARM, underneath. Users can transparently deploy and scale applications without knowledge of the cloud's hardware diversity.[90] This kind of cloud emerges from the raise of ARM-based system-on-chip for server-class computing.</span></span></div> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Others">Others</span></h3> <h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Community_cloud">Community cloud</span></h4> <div style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Community cloud shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether managed internally or by a third-party, and either hosted internally or externally. The costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud (but more than a private cloud), so only some of the cost savings potential of cloud computing are realized.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nist_58-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#cite_note-nist-58" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[58]</a></sup></div> <h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Distributed_cloud">Distributed cloud</span></h4> <div style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> A cloud computing platform can be assembled from a distributed set of machines in different locations, connected to a single network or hub service. It is possible to distinguish between two types of distributed clouds: public-resource computing and volunteer cloud.</div> <ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Public-resource computing</b>—<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">This type of distributed cloud results from an expansive definition of cloud computing, because they are more akin to distributed computing than cloud computing. Nonetheless, it is considered a sub-class of cloud computing, and some examples include distributed computing platforms such as </span>BOINC<span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> and</span>Folding@Home<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">.</span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Volunteer cloud</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">—Volunteer cloud computing is characterized as the intersection of public-resource computing and cloud computing, where a cloud computing infrastructure is built using volunteered resources. Many challenges arise from this type of infrastructure, because of the volatility of the resources used to built it and the dynamic environment it operates in. It can also be called peer-to-peer clouds, or ad-hoc clouds. An interesting effort in such direction is Cloud@Home, it aims to implement a cloud computing infrastructure using volunteered resources providing a business-model to incentivize contributions through financial restitution.[91]</span></span></li> </ul> <h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Intercloud">Intercloud</span></h4> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> Main article: Intercloud</div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> The Intercloud[92] is an interconnected global "cloud of clouds"[93][94] and an extension of the Internet "network of networks" on which it is based. The focus is on directinteroperability between public cloud service providers, more so than between providers and consumers (as is the case for hybrid- and multi-cloud).[95][96][97]</div> </div> <h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Multicloud">Multicloud</span></h4> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>Main article: Multicloud</i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>Multicloud is the use of multiple cloud computing services in a single heterogeneous architecture to reduce reliance on single vendors, increase flexibility through choice, mitigate against disasters, etc. It differs from hybrid cloud in that it refers to multiple cloud services, rather than multiple deployment modes (public, private, legacy).[98][99][100]</i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>Architecture</i></span></span></div> </div> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #252525; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 327px;"> <a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="375" data-file-width="550" height="222" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg/325px-CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg/488px-CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg/650px-CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="325" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"> <a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Cloud computing sample architecture</div> </div> </div> <div style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <b>Cloud architecture</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">[101]</sup> the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple <i>cloud components</i> communicating with each other over a loose coupling mechanism such as a messaging queue. Elastic provision implies intelligence in the use of tight or loose coupling as applied to mechanisms such as these and others.</div> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cloud_engineering">Cloud engineering</span></h3> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Cloud engineering is the application of engineering disciplines to cloud computing. It brings a systematic approach to the high-level concerns of commercialization, standardization, and governance in conceiving, developing, operating and maintaining cloud computing systems. It is a multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions from diverse areas such as systems, software, web, performance, information, security, platform, risk, and quality engineering.</span></span></div> <h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Security_and_privacy">Security and privacy</span></h2> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>Main article: Cloud computing issues</i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>Cloud computing poses privacy concerns because the service provider can access the data that is in the cloud at any time. It could accidentally or deliberately alter or even delete information.[102] Many cloud providers can share information with third parties if necessary for purposes of law and order even without a warrant. That is permitted in their privacy policies, which users must agree to before they start using cloud services. Solutions to privacy include policy and legislation as well as end users' choices for how data is stored.[102] Users can encrypt data that is processed or stored within the cloud to prevent unauthorized access.[3][102]</i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>According to the Cloud Security Alliance, the top three threats in the cloud are Insecure Interfaces and API's, Data Loss & Leakage, and Hardware Failure—which accounted for 29%, 25% and 10% of all cloud security outages respectively. Together, these form shared technology vulnerabilities. In a cloud provider platform being shared by different users there may be a possibility that information belonging to different customers resides on same data server. Therefore, Information leakage may arise by mistake when information for one customer is given to other.[103] Additionally, Eugene Schultz, chief technology officer at Emagined Security, said that hackers are spending substantial time and effort looking for ways to penetrate the cloud. "There are some real Achilles' heels in the cloud infrastructure that are making big holes for the bad guys to get into". Because data from hundreds or thousands of companies can be stored on large cloud servers, hackers can theoretically gain control of huge stores of information through a single attack—a process he called "hyperjacking". Some examples of this include the Dropbox security breach, and iCloud 2014 leak.[104] Dropbox had been breached in October 2014, having over 7 million of its users passwords stolen by hackers in an effort to get monetary value from it by Bitcoins (BTC). By having these passwords, they are able to read private data as well as have this data be indexed by search engines (making the information public).[104]</i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>There is the problem of legal ownership of the data (If a user stores some data in the cloud, can the cloud provider profit from it?). Many Terms of Service agreements are silent on the question of ownership.[105]</i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>Physical control of the computer equipment (private cloud) is more secure than having the equipment off site and under someone else's control (public cloud). This delivers great incentive to public cloud computing service providers to prioritize building and maintaining strong management of secure services.[106] Some small businesses that don't have expertise in IT security could find that it's more secure for them to use a public cloud.</i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>There is the risk that end users don't understand the issues involved when signing on to a cloud service (persons sometimes don't read the many pages of the terms of service agreement, and just click "Accept" without reading). This is important now that cloud computing is becoming popular and required for some services to work, for example for anintelligent personal assistant (Apple's Siri or Google Now).</i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" role="note" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>Fundamentally private cloud is seen as more secure with higher levels of control for the owner, however public cloud is seen to be more flexible and requires less time and money investment from the user.[107]</i></span></span></div> </div> <h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Limitations">Limitations</span></h2> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">According to Bruce Schneier, "The downside is that you will have limited customization options. Cloud computing is cheaper because of economics of scale, and like any outsourced task, you tend to get what you get. A restaurant with a limited menu is cheaper than a personal chef who can cook anything you want. Fewer options at a much cheaper price: it's a feature, not a bug and the cloud provider might not meet your legal needs. As a business, you need to weigh the benefits against the risks."[108]</span></span></div> <h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="The_future">The future</span></h2> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Cloud computing is therefore still as much a research topic, as it is a market offering.[109] What is clear through the evolution of cloud computing services is that the chief technical officer (CTO) is a major driving force behind cloud adoption.[110] The major cloud technology developers continue to invest billions a year in cloud R&D; for example: in 2011 Microsoft committed 90% of its US$9.6bn R&D budget to its cloud.[111] Centaur Partners also predict that SaaS revenue will grow from US$13.5B in 2011 to $32.8B in 2016.[112]This expansion also includes Finance and Accounting SaaS.[113] Additionally, more industries are turning to cloud technology as an efficient way to improve quality services due to its capabilities to reduce overhead costs, downtime, and automate infrastructure deployment.[114]</span></span></div> <h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: #252525; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em;"> <table style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 11.9px; line-height: 13.09px; max-width: 175px;"><tbody> <tr style="vertical-align: middle;"><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bus_icon.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Portal icon" class="noviewer" data-file-height="75" data-file-width="125" height="19" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bus_icon.svg/32px-Bus_icon.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bus_icon.svg/48px-Bus_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bus_icon.svg/64px-Bus_icon.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="32" /></a></td><td style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; padding: 0px 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Computer_networking" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Computer networking">Computer networking portal</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="div-col columns column-width" style="column-width: 25em; margin-top: 0.3em;"> <ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Category: Cloud computing providers</span></span></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Category: Cloud platforms</span></span></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Cloud computing security</span></span></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Cloud computing comparison</span></span></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Cloud management</span></span></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Cloud research</span></span></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Cloud storage</span></span></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Edge computing</span></span></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">eScience</span></span></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Mobile cloud computing</span></span></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Personal cloud</span></span></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Robot as a Service</span></span></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Service-Oriented Architecture</span></span></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Ubiquitous computing</span></span></li> <li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Web computing</span></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>

what is Cloud computing?

Cloud computing is a kind of Internet-based computing that provides shared processing resources and data to computers and other devices on...

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What is VMware Cloud Hosting?

<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkJ5YjTlBU-JCro7WqWkn0Z-Say_8ziyeIdcxkCcoxNrNaPrmo1tdqsmQJauT4xRySzKkvv3Ww4opG4PIA4hB5dtAZF9LkBNaO8nYCQrLBxLe2UPMVooUi3yWOlyEB_f5A0zMum5sYukk6/s1600/diagram-virtual-private-cloud.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkJ5YjTlBU-JCro7WqWkn0Z-Say_8ziyeIdcxkCcoxNrNaPrmo1tdqsmQJauT4xRySzKkvv3Ww4opG4PIA4hB5dtAZF9LkBNaO8nYCQrLBxLe2UPMVooUi3yWOlyEB_f5A0zMum5sYukk6/s320/diagram-virtual-private-cloud.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">VMware, Inc. is an American company that provides cloud and virtualization software and services,[2][3][4] and claims to be the first to successfully virtualize the x86 architecture commercially.[5] Founded in 1998, VMware is based in Palo Alto, California. In 2004, it was acquired by and became a subsidiary of EMC Corporation, then on August 14, 2007, EMC sold 15% of the company in a New York Stock Exchange IPO. The company trades under the symbol VMW.[6]</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">VMware's desktop software runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X, while its enterprise software hypervisors for servers, VMware ESX and VMware ESXi, are bare-metal hypervisors that run directly on server hardware without requiring an additional underlying operating system.[7]</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">In 2016 Dell was in the process of acquiring EMC, VMware's majority owner. In January 2016 the entire development team behind VMWare Workstation and Fusion was disbanded and all US developers were immediately fired.[8][9][10][11] The company said that "the restructuring activities will not impact the existence of any current product lines", that "roles and responsibilities associated with particular businesses will be moved to other regions and office locations", and that investment would continue "with emphasis on our growth products". The future of Workstation and Fusion is uncertain. VMware Workstation versions 12.0.0, 12.0.1, and 12.1.0 were released at intervals of about two months in 2015. On 24 April 2016 maintenance release 12.1.1 was released.[12]</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <br /></div> <h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="History" style="font-weight: normal;">History</span></h2> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">In 1998, VMware was founded by Diane Greene, Mendel Rosenblum, Scott Devine, Ellen Wang and Edouard Bugnion. Greene and Rosenblum, who are married, first met while at the University of California, Berkeley.[13] Edouard Bugnion remained the chief architect and CTO of VMware until 2005,[14] and went on to found Nuova Systems (now part of Cisco). For the first year, VMware operated in stealth mode, with roughly 20 employees by the end of 1998. The company was launched officially early in the second year, in February 1999, at the DEMO Conference organized by Chris Shipley.[15] The first product, VMware Workstation, was delivered in May 1999,[16] and the company entered the server market in 2001 with VMware GSX Server (hosted) and VMware ESX Server (hostless).[17]</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">In 2003, VMware launched VMware Virtual Center, the VMotion, and Virtual SMP technology. 64-bit support appeared in 2004. The same year, the company was acquired by EMC Corporation for US$625 million.[18]</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">In August 2007, EMC released 15% of the company's shares in VMware in an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange. The stock debuted at US$29 per share and closed the day at US$51.[19]</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">On July 8, 2008, VMware co-founder, president and CEO Diane Greene, was unexpectedly fired by the VMware Board of Directors and replaced by Paul Maritz, a retired 14-year Microsoft veteran who was heading EMC's cloud computing business unit.[20] In the same news release VMware stated that 2008 revenue growth will be "modestly below the previous guidance of 50% growth over 2007". As a result, market price of VMware dropped nearly 25%. Then, on September 10, 2008, Rosenblum, the company's chief scientist, resigned.</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">On September 16, 2008, VMware announced its collaboration with Cisco to provide joint data center solutions. One of the first results of this is the Cisco Nexus 1000V, a distributed virtual software switch that will be an integrated option in the VMware infrastructure.[21]</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">On April 12, 2011, VMware released an open source platform-as-a-service system called Cloud Foundry, as well as a hosted version of the service. This supported application deployment for Java, Ruby on Rails, Sinatra, Node.js, and Scala, as well as database support for MySQL, MongoDB, Redis, Postgres, RabbitMQ.[22]</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">In March 2013, VMware gave details of a spin-off of Pivotal. All of VMware's application- and developer-oriented products, including Spring, tc Server, Cloud Foundry, RabbitMQ, GemFire, and SQLFire were transferred to this organization.[23] It also announced that it was introducing its own IaaS service, vCloud Hybrid Service, in a shift of its strategy of selling software to cloud service providers.[citation needed]</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">In April 2013, Pivotal was formally created with GE as a minority shareholder.[citation needed]</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">In May 2013, VMware launched vCloud Hybrid Service at its new Palo Alto headquarters (vCloud Hybrid Service now known as vCloud Air),[24] announcing an early access program in a Las Vegas data center. The service is designed to function as an extension of its customer's existing vSphere installations, with full compatibility with existing virtual machines virtualized with VMware software and tightly integrated networking. The service is based on vCloud Director 5.1/vSphere 5.1.[citation needed]</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">In September 2013 at VMworld San Francisco, VMware announced general availability of vCloud Hybrid Service and expansion to Sterling, Virginia, Santa Clara, California, Dallas, Texas, and a service beta in the UK. It also pre-announced a disaster recovery and desktop-as-a-service offering based on Desktone, which it went on to acquire in October 2013.[citation needed]</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Following the news in early 2016 of the impending acquisition by Dell, and despite Dell's assurance that VMware would remain independent, VMware president and COO Carl Eschenbach left VMware to join Sequoia Capital, and Martin Casado, VMware's general manager for its Networking and Security business, left for Andreessen Horowitz. Analysts commented that the cultures at Dell and EMC, and at EMC and VMware, are different, and said that they had heard that impending corporate cultural collisions and potentially radical product overlap pruning, would cause many EMC and VMware personnel to leave;[25] VMware CEO Pat Gelsinger, following rumours, categorically denied that he would leave.[26]</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <br /></div> <div> <span class="mw-headline"></span><br /> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="background-color: white; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"> <ol class="references" style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline"> </span></h3> <span class="mw-headline"> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Litigation </span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">In March 2015, the Software Freedom Conservancy announced it was funding litigation by Christoph Hellwig against VMware for violation of his copyrights in its ESXi product. The case will be heard in Hamburg, Germany.[48] The SFC claims VMware is using both the Linux kernel and Busybox without respecting the terms of the GPL copyright license, while VMware told journalists that it believed the case was without merit[49] and expressed disappointment that Conservancy had resorted to litigation.[50]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Core product design[edit]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware developed a range of products, most notable of which are their hypervisors. VMware became well known for their first type 2 hypervisor known as GSX. This product has since evolved into two hypervisor products lines, VMware's type 1 hypervisors running directly on hardware, along with their hosted type 2 hypervisors.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware software provides a completely virtualized set of hardware to the guest operating system.[51] VMware software virtualizes the hardware for a video adapter, a network adapter, and hard disk adapters. The host provides pass-through drivers for guest USB, serial, and parallel devices. In this way, VMware virtual machines become highly portable between computers, because every host looks nearly identical to the guest. In practice, a system administrator can pause operations on a virtual machine guest, move or copy that guest to another physical computer, and there resume execution exactly at the point of suspension. Alternatively, for enterprise servers, a feature called vMotion allows the migration of operational guest virtual machines between similar but separate hardware hosts sharing the same storage (or, with vMotion Storage, separate storage can be used, too). Each of these transitions is completely transparent to any users on the virtual machine at the time it is being migrated.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware Workstation, Server, and ESX take a more optimized path to running target operating systems on the host than that of emulators (such as Bochs) which simulate the function of each CPU instruction on the target machine one-by-one, or that of dynamic recompilation which compiles blocks of machine-instructions the first time they execute, and then uses the translated code directly when the code runs subsequently (Microsoft Virtual PC for Mac OS X takes this approach). VMware software does not emulate an instruction set for different hardware not physically present. This significantly boosts performance, but can cause problems when moving virtual machine guests between hardware hosts using different instruction-sets (such as found in 64-bit Intel and AMD CPUs), or between hardware hosts with a differing number of CPUs. Software that is CPU agnostic can usually survive such a transition, unless it is agnostic by forking at startup, in which case, the software or the guest OS must be stopped before moving it, then restarted after the move.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware's products predate the virtualization extensions to the x86 instruction set, and do not require virtualization-enabled processors. On newer processors, the hypervisor is now designed to take advantage of the extensions. However, unlike many other hypervisors, VMware still supports older processors. In such cases, it uses the CPU to run code directly whenever possible (as, for example, when running user-mode and virtual 8086 mode code on x86). When direct execution cannot operate, such as with kernel-level and real-mode code, VMware products use binary translation (BT) to re-write the code dynamically. The translated code gets stored in spare memory, typically at the end of the address space, which segmentation mechanisms can protect and make invisible. For these reasons, VMware operates dramatically faster than emulators, running at more than 80% of the speed that the virtual guest operating-system would run directly on the same hardware. In one study VMware claims a slowdown over native ranging from 0–6 percent for the VMware ESX Server.[52]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware's approach avoids some of the difficulties of virtualization on x86-based platforms. Virtual machines may deal with offending instructions by replacing them, or by simply running kernel-code in user-mode. Replacing instructions runs the risk that the code may fail to find the expected content if it reads itself; one cannot protect code against reading while allowing normal execution, and replacing in-place becomes complicated. Running the code unmodified in user-mode will also fail, as most instructions which just read the machine-state do not cause an exception and will betray the real state of the program, and certain instructions silently change behavior in user-mode. One must always rewrite; performing a simulation of the current program counter in the original location when necessary and (notably) remapping hardware code breakpoints.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Although VMware virtual machines run in user-mode, VMware Workstation itself requires the installation of various drivers in the host operating-system, notably to dynamically switch the Global Descriptor Table (GDT) and the Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT).</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">The VMware product line can also run different operating systems on a dual-boot system simultaneously by booting one partition natively while using the other as a guest within VMware Workstation.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Products[edit]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Desktop software[edit]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware Workstation, 1999, the first product launched by VMware. This software suite allows users to run multiple instances of x86 or x86-64 -compatible operating systems on a single physical PC. At Workstation Pro v12 as of 2016.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware Fusion provides similar functionality for users of the Intel Mac platform, along with full compatibility with virtual machines created by other VMware products.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware Player was freeware for non-commercial use, without requiring a licence for VMware Workstation or VMware Fusion, and available for commercial use with permission. It was similar to Workstation, with reduced functionality; version numbers were not the same, e.g., Player 7 coexisted with Workstation 11. After version 7.10, VMware Player as such was replaced by VMware Workstation Player version 12, without some of the features of full Workstation Pro.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">In January 2016 the entire development team behind VMWare Workstation and Fusion was disbanded and all US developers were immediately fired.[53][54][55][56] The future of these products remains vague however the company said that development would continue.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Server software[edit]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware has produced two virtualization products for servers:</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware vSphere[57] (also called "ESXi"), an enterprise-level product, can deliver greater performance than the freeware VMware Server, due to lower system overhead. VMware ESXi, as a "bare-metal" product, runs directly on the server hardware, allowing virtual servers to also use hardware more or less directly. In addition, VMware ESXi integrates into VMware vCenter, which offers extra services</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware Server (formerly called "GSX Server"; obsolete as of 2011)[58] was[59] also provided free of charge for non-commercial use, like VMware Player, and can also set up virtual machines. As a "hosted" application, VMware Server runs within an existing Linux or Windows operating system.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Cloud management software[edit]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware vRealize™ Suite - a cloud management platform purpose-built for the hybrid cloud.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware EVO SDDC - EVO SDDC provides an easy way to deploy and operate a private cloud on an integrated SDDC system</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware Go was a web-based service to guide users of any expertise level through the installation and configuration of VMware vSphere Hypervisor. It was end-of-lifed in early 2014.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Public cloud platform[edit]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware vCloud Air</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Virtual desktop infrastructure[edit]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware Horizon View, a virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) solution.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Application management[edit]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware Workspace Portal - a self-service app store for workspace management[60]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Storage solutions[edit]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware VSAN (Virtual Storage Area Network), version 6.2 released in early 2016[61]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Backup software[edit]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">In April 2011, EMC transferred control of Mozy to VMware.[62]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Mozy produced MozyHome and MozyPro.[63] MozyHome is the consumer version of the Mozy backup service. It is available to buy on a monthly subscription.[64] MozyPro is the business version of the Mozy backup service. MozyPro requires a separate license for each computer that is being backed up, as well as a server license for any server that is being backed up. Customers then pay per gigabyte of data they have in the data center.[65]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Networking and security products[edit]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">vCloud Networking and Security, a software-defined networking and security solution, as of 18 April 2014 was superseded by VMware NSX, VMware's product for the software-defined data center (SDDC).[66]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Other products[edit]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Workspace ONE allows mobile users to access to apps and data.[67]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;"><br /></span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">See also[edit]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Comparison of platform virtualization software</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Hardware virtualization</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Hypervisor</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">VMware VMFS</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">References[edit]</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "Form 10-K, Annual Report for Fiscal Year ended December 31, 2014" (PDF). VMware.com.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware leader in virtualization market".</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Lohr, Steve (2009-08-31). "VMware market share more than 80%". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-27.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware, Hyper-V virtualization leave others in the dust".</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "Understanding full virtualization, paravirtualization, and hardware assist" (PDF). 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2014-12-11.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "Investor FAQs". Retrieved 2014-12-11.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "ESX Server Architecture". Vmware.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-22.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2015 Results". ir.vmware.com. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Cloud; Security; Australia; Vmware; Microsoft; devs, VMware axes Fusion and Workstation US; VMware says vSphere in decline, new multi-cloud plan will ensure growth; Citrix kills Sydney research lab, vows to focus on 'core products'. "VMware axes Fusion and Workstation US devs". Retrieved 2016-01-28.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Miller, Ron. "VMware Confirms Layoffs In Earnings Statement As It Prepares For Dell Acquisition". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2016-01-28.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ chipx86. "A Tribute to VMware Workstation, Fusion, and Hosted UI". ChipLog. Retrieved 2016-01-28.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "Download VMware Workstation Player". VMware. Retrieved 11 May 2016. Download site for VMware Player 7.x and Workstation Player 12.x</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Lashinksky, Adam (2007-10-02). "50 Most Powerful Women in Business — Full speed ahead". CNN. In 1988 she picked up a second master's, in computer science, at the University of California at Berkeley, where she met Rosenblum</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "Edouard Bugnion lives in the virtual world".</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware Milestones".</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware company history".</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware ready to capitalize on hot server market". June 30, 2015.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "EMC Completes Acquisition of VMware". Vmware.com. Retrieved 2013-06-27.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Mullins, Robert (2007-08-14). "Update: VMware the bright spot on a gray Wall Street day". IDG News Service. Retrieved 2007-08-15.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Savitz, Eric (2008-07-08). "VMware ousts CEO Diane Greene; cuts '08 guidance". Barron's. Retrieved 2009-07-01.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "Virtual Networking Features of the VMware vNetwork Distributed Switch and Cisco Nexus 1000V Series Switches" (PDF).</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Cloud Foundry Frequently Asked Questions</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "EMC, VMW Analyst Day: Street Awaits ‘Pivotal,’ Financial Update". Retrieved 2014-12-11.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "Using VMware vCloud Connector". Retrieved 2014-12-11.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Chris Mellor (11 April 2016). "Cracks show in VMware exec ranks". The Register. Retrieved 11 May 2016.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Simon Sharwood (13 May 2016). "VMware CEO Pat Gelsinger quashes departure rumours". Channelregister.co.uk. Retrieved 2 June 2016.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "A look at VMware’s past acquisitions".</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware acquires virtualization company Akimbi".</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware Acquires Dunes Technologies". VMware. Sep 11, 2007.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Vidra, Eze (May 28, 2008). "VMWare Snatches B-Hive, Opens R&D Center in Israel". VCcafe.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Ward, Keith. "The Next Frontier: Mobile Phone Hypervisors". Virtualizationreview.com. Retrieved 2013-06-27.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Marshall, David (2008-12-16), VMware's year end acquisition of Tungsten Graphics, InfoWorld</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware to Acquire SpringSource".</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ springpeople.com</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware and PacketMotion: Data Access Monitoring, Network Security & Compliance | United States". www.vmware.com. Retrieved 2016-01-05.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware Support for PacketMotion Products | United States". www.vmware.com. Retrieved 2016-01-05.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware To Acquire Wanova, Intelligent Desktop Solutions Provider". VMware. 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2012-06-01.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware to Acquire DynamicOps, Inc". VMware. 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2013-06-27.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware to Acquire Nicira". News release (VMware). July 23, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2013.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Williams, Alex (July 23, 2012). "VMware Buys Nicira For $1.26 Billion And Gives More Clues About Cloud Strategy". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2013-07-11.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware to Acquire Virsto". News release (VMware). February 11, 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-11.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware Acquires Desktone". News release (VMware). October 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-15.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware's AirWatch Acquisition To Enhance Mobility In End-User Computing". Forbes. Forbes.com LLC. Retrieved 6 March 2014.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware to Acquire AirWatch". Retrieved 2014-12-11.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "iPhone APIs Ultimately Led to VMware's AirWatch Acquisition". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Retrieved 2014-03-06.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ ZDNet. "VMware buys CloudVolumes for real-time desktop app delivery". zdnet.com. Retrieved 21 August 2014.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ VMware vCloud Blog. "VMware Acquires Continuent". vmware.com. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "Conservancy Announces Funding for GPL Compliance Lawsuit". Software Freedom Conservancy. Retrieved 6 March 2015.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Phipps, Simon (5 March 2015). "VMware heads to court over GPL violations". InfoWorld. Retrieved 11 March 2015.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware Update to Mr. Hellwig's Legal Proceedings". VMware. Retrieved 11 March 2015.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "How does VMWare Work?". Extremetech.com. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2009-07-01.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "A Performance Comparison of Hypervisors" (PDF).</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2015 Results (NYSE:VMW)". ir.vmware.com. Retrieved 2016-01-28.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Cloud; Security; Australia; Vmware; Microsoft; devs, VMware axes Fusion and Workstation US; VMware says vSphere in decline, new multi-cloud plan will ensure growth; Citrix kills Sydney research lab, vows to focus on 'core products'. "VMware axes Fusion and Workstation US devs". Retrieved 2016-01-28.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Miller, Ron. "VMware Confirms Layoffs In Earnings Statement As It Prepares For Dell Acquisition". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2016-01-28.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ chipx86. "A Tribute to VMware Workstation, Fusion, and Hosted UI". ChipLog. Retrieved 2016-01-28.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ VMware ESXi Bare-Metal Hypervisor for Multiple Virtual Machines - United States. VMware.com. Retrieved on 2013-10-16.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware Products Life Cycle Policies". VMware.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "VMware Server, Free Virtualization Download for Virtual Server Consolidation". Vmware.com. 2011-06-30. Retrieved 2013-06-27.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "Workspace Portal". VMware. 2015-03-12. Retrieved 2015-03-12.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Forrest, Conner (February 10, 2016). "VMware VSAN 6.2: The 3 things you need to know". TechRepublic. Retrieved 2016-02-10.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Mellor, Chris (April 5, 2011). "VMware 'buys' Mozy for its cloudy goodness". The Register. Retrieved October 3, 2013.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "MozyHome / MozyPro". CrunchBase. January 1, 2008. Retrieved 2010-08-30.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Kodesh, Harel (February 1, 2011). "New MozyHome Plans". Retrieved 2011-02-02.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ "MozyPro Launches". TechCrunch. April 3, 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-31.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Morreale, Patricia A.; Anderson, James M. (2014-12-03). Software Defined Networking: Design and Deployment. CRC Press (published 2014). p. 75. ISBN 9781482238631. Retrieved 2014-11-14. VMware NSX creates a virtual network overlay that is loosely coupled to the physical network underneath.</span></span></h3> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.72px;">Jump up ^ Hernandez, Pedro (2016-06-13). "VMware Workspace ONE Anchors Mobile Management on Identity". Mobile/Wireless. Datamation (QuinStreet Inc.). Retrieved 2016-06-23. [...] Workspace ONE [...] integrates elements from AirWatch, VMware Identity Manager and Horizon Air to create secure, user-centric app experiences for both mobile workers and IT administrators based on user identities and policies governing their access to corporate apps and data.</span></span></h3> </span></ol> </div> <span class="mw-headline"> </span></div>

What is VMware Cloud Hosting?

VMware, Inc. is an American company that provides cloud and virtualization software and services,[2][3][4] and claims to be the first to...

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